Vanadium

Vanadium is found in the Earth's crust, 0.001 % (w/w), in more than 65 minerals, some of which are patronite, vanadite, roscoelite and carnolite [7]. The isotopes found in nature are ⁵⁰V (0.25 %, T_½ = 6 · 10¹⁵ years) and ⁵¹V (99.75 %, stable) [7].

In pure form, vanadium occurs in body-centered cubic crystal form [7]