Manganese

Mn²⁺ ions generally enhance H₂O₂ formation by accelerating the rate of superoxide dismutation. Specifically, the Mn²⁺ ions induce hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production from the ubiquinone binding site of mitochondrial complex II (II_Q). An additional study with intact mitochondria showed that manganese additionally enhances H₂O₂ emission by inducing mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT), leading to the loss of soluble components of the mitochondrial antioxidant systems [8].